Fringy, science-stuff, maybe fact or fiction?

For the children:

 

GROCER JACK (EXCERPT FROM A TEENAGE OPERA)

Keith West - 1967, the band was Tomorrow, featuring Steve Howe, a few years before Steve joined the rock band named Yes, that catapulted him to be considered the most important and influential rock guitarist of the the last, and this century. Possibly the best all around guitarist that walks the face of this earth.


Count the days into years
his eighty two brings many fears
Yesterday's laughter turned to tears
his arms and legs don't feel so strong
his heart is weak, there's something wrong
Opens windows in despair
tries to breathe in some fresh air
his conscience cries: "Get on your feet.
without you, Jack, the town can't eat".

Grocer Jack, grocer Jack. get off your back.
go into town. don't let them down. Oh no. no.
Grocer jack. grocer Jack. get off your back.
go into town, don't let them down, Oh no. no.

The people that live in the town
don't understand
He's never been known to miss his round

"It's ten-o'clock", the housewives yell.
"When Jack turns up we'll 'give him hell."
Husbands moan at breakfast tables
No milk. no egg. no marmalade labels
Mothers send their children out
to Jack's house to scream and shout

Grocer Jack, grocer Jack. get off your back
come into town. don't let us down. Oh no. no.
Grocer Jack, grocer Jack. get off your back
come into town. don't let us down. Oh no. no.

A Sunday morning bright and clear
Lovely flowers decorate the marvellous square
People cry and walk away and think about the fateful day
Now they wish they'd given Jack more affection and respect
Little children dressed in black don't know what happened to old Jack

Grocer Jack, grocer Jack, is it true what mummy says,
you won't come back, oh no, oh no
Grocer Jack, grocer Jack, is it true what mummy says,
you won't come back, oh no, oh no

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 02:04 | link | comments (2)

For Alohalani:

Sorry, the sound quality kinda sucks, but this tune was one of the first by Burt Bacharach:

 

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 23:03 | link | comments (3)

Atoms Good video, except for the fractured english.

 

 

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 05:49 | link | comments

Well, my blogs rarely contain personal information. The last few days have been Hurricane Andrew's 15th  anniversary, which the storm effectively ended my marriage to, well, I won't mention her name.

All my relationships can be summed up thus:

 

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 01:21 | link | comments (8)

Across The Universe

 

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 11:32 | link | comments (6)

Women In Film

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 05:45 | link | comments (2)

This has got to be one of the most clever
E-mails I've received in awhile.
Someone out there either has too much
spare time or is deadly at Scrabble.


DORMITORY:
When you rearrange the letters:
DIRTY ROOM



PRESBYTERIAN:
When you rearrange the letters:
BEST IN PRAYER

ASTRONOMER:
When you rearrange the letters:
MOON STARER

DESPERATION:
When you rearrange the letters:
A ROPE ENDS IT

THE EYES:
When you rearrange the letters:
THEY SEE

GEORGE BUSH:
When you rearrange the letters:
HE BUGS GORE

THE MORSE CODE:
When you rearrange the letters:
HERE COME DOTS

SLOT MACHINES:
When you rearrange the letters:
CASH LOST IN ME

ANIMOSITY:
When you rearrange the letters:
IS NO AMITY

ELECTION RESULTS:
When you rearrange the letters:
LIES - LET'S RECOUNT

SNOOZE ALARMS:
When you rearrange the letters:
ALAS! NO MORE Z'S

A DECIMAL POINT:
When you rearrange the letters:
I'M A DOT IN PLACE

THE EARTHQUAKES:
When you rearrange the letters:
THAT QUEER SHAKE

ELEVEN PLUS TWO:
When you rearrange the letters:
TWELVE PLUS ONE


AND FOR THE GRAND FINALE:

MOTHER-IN-LAW:
When you rearrange the letters:
WOMAN HITLER

Yep! Someone with way too much time on their hands!
(Probably a son-in-law).

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 03:07 | link | comments (3)

Got an "A" grade. A solid 4.00. This is what I did:

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon based upon the quantum mechanical magnetic properties of an atom's nucleus. NMR also commonly refers to a family of scientific methods that exploit nuclear magnetic resonance to study molecules.

All nuclei that contain odd numbers of protons or neutrons have an intrinsic magnetic moment and angular momentum. The most commonly measured nuclei are hydrogen-1 (the most receptive isotope at natural abundance) and carbon-13, although nuclei from isotopes of many other elements can also be observed.

NMR studies magnetic nuclei by aligning them with a very powerful external magnetic field and perturbing this alignment using an electromagnetic field. The resulting response to the external perturbing electromagnetic field is the phenomenon that is exploited in NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.

Discovery

Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi in 1938.^[1] Eight years later, in 1946, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell refined the technique for use on liquids and solids, for which they shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1952.

Purcell had worked on the development and application of RADAR during World War II at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory. His work during that project on the production and detection of radiofrequency energy, and on the absorption of such energy by matter, preceded his discovery of NMR.

They noticed that magnetic nuclei, like ¹H and ³¹P, could absorb RF energy when placed in a magnetic field of a strength specific to the identity of the nuclei. When this absorption occurs, the nucleus is described as being in resonance. Interestingly, for analytical scientists, different atoms within a molecule resonate at different frequencies at a given field strength. The observation of the resonance frequencies of a molecule allows a user to discover structural information about the molecule.

The development of nuclear magnetic resonance as a technique of analytical chemistry and biochemistry parallels the development of electromagnetic technology and its introduction into civilian use.

 Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear spin and magnets

The elementary particles, neutrons and protons, composing an atomic nucleus, have the intrinsic quantum mechanical property of spin. The overall spin of the nucleus is determined by the spin quantum number I. If the number of both the protons and neutrons in a given isotope are even then I = 0, i.e. there is no overall spin; just as electrons pair up in atomic orbitals, so do even numbers of protons and neutrons (which are also spin ½ particles and hence fermions) pair up giving zero overall spin. In other cases, however, the overall spin is non-zero. For example ²⁷Al has an overall spin I = 5/2.

A non-zero spin is associated with a non-zero magnetic moment, μ, via

where the proportionality constant, γ, is the gyromagnetic ratio. It is this magnetic moment that is exploited in NMR.

Electron spin resonance is a related technique which exploits the spin of electrons instead of nuclei. The basic principles are otherwise similar.

 Values of spin angular momentum

As with any quantum object, the angular momentum associated with nuclear spin is quantized, both in the sense that the magnitude of angular momentum is quantized i.e. I can only take on a restricted range of values (integer or half-integer), but the 'orientation' of the associated angular momentum is also quantized. The associated quantum number is known as the magnetic quantum number, m, and can take values from +I to –I in integral steps. Hence for any given nucleus, there is a total of 2I+1 angular momentum states.

The z component of the angular momentum vector, I_z, is therefore:

where is Planck's reduced constant.

The z component of the magnetic moment is simply

 

Consider nuclei which have a spin of one-half, like ¹H, ¹³C or ¹⁹F. The nucleus has two possible spin states: m = ½ or m = -½ (also referred to as up and down or α and β, respectively). The energies of these states are degenerate—that is to say that they are the same. Hence the populations of the two states (i.e. number of atoms in the two states) will be exactly equal at thermal equilibrium.

If a nucleus is placed in a magnetic field, however, the interaction between the nuclear magnetic moment and the external magnetic field mean the two states no longer have the same energy. The energy of a magnetic moment μ when in a magnetic field B₀ (the zero subscript is used to distinguish this magnetic field from any other applied field) is given by the negative scalar product of the vectors:

where the magnetic field has been oriented along the z axis.

Hence

As a result the different nuclear spin states have different energies in a non-zero magnetic field. In hand-waving terms, we can talk about the two spin states of a spin ½ as being aligned either with or against the magnetic field. If γ is positive (true for most isotopes) then m = ½ is the lower energy state.

The energy difference between the two states is

and this difference results in a small population bias toward the lower energy state.

Resonance

Resonant absorption will occur when electromagnetic radiation of the correct frequency to match this energy difference is applied. The energy of a photon is E = hν, where ν is its frequency. Hence absorption will occur when

These frequencies typically correspond to the radio frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

It is this resonant absorption that is detected in NMR.

 Nuclear shielding

It might appear from the above that all nuclei of the same nuclide (and hence the same γ) would resonate at the same frequency. This is not the case. The most important perturbation of the NMR frequency for applications of NMR is the 'shielding' effect of the surrounding electrons. In general, this electronic shielding reduces the magnetic field at the nucleus (which is what determines the NMR frequency). As a result the energy gap is reduced, and the frequency required to achieve resonance is also reduced. This shift of the NMR frequency due to the chemical environment is called the chemical shift, and it explains why NMR is a direct probe of chemical structure.

Unless the local symmetry is particularly high, the shielding effect depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the external field. In solid-state NMR, magic angle spinning is required to average out this orientation dependence. This is unnecessary in conventional NMR of molecules in solution since rapid molecular tumbling averages out the anisotropic component of the chemical shift.

 Relaxation

For more details on this topic, see Relaxation (NMR).

The process called population relaxation refers to nuclei that return to the thermodynamic state in the magnet. This process is also called T₁ relaxation, where T₁ refers to the mean time for an individual nucleus to return to its equilibrium state. Once the population is relaxed, it can be probed again, since it is in the initial state.

The precessing nuclei can also fall out of alignment with each other (returning the net magnetization vector to a nonprecessing field) and stop producing a signal. This is called T₂ relaxation. It is possible to be in this state and not have the population difference required to give a net magnetization vector at its thermodynamic state. Because of this, T₁ is always larger (slower) than T₂. This happens because some of the spins were flipped by the pulse and will remain so until they have undergone population relaxation. In practice, the T₂ time is the life time of the observed NMR signal, the free induction decay. In the NMR spectrum, meaning the Fourier transform of the free induction decay, the T₂ time defines the width of the NMR signal. Thus, a nucleus having a large T₂ time gives rise to a sharp signal, whereas nuclei with shorter T₂ times give rise to more broad signals. The length of T₁ and T₂ is closely related to molecular motion.

 NMR spectroscopy

NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules. It is a powerful technique that can provide detailed information on the topology, dynamics and three-dimensional structure of molecules in solution and the solid state. Also, nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the techniques that has been used to build elementary quantum computers.

 Continuous wave (CW) spectroscopy

In its first few decades, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers used a technique known as continuous-wave (CW) spectroscopy. Although NMR spectra could be obtained using a fixed magnetic field and sweeping the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation, this more typically involved using a fixed frequency source and varying the current (and hence magnetic field) in an electromagnet to observe the resonant absorption signals. (This is the origin of the now anachronistic but still common "high" and "low" field terminology for low frequency and high frequency regions respectively of the NMR spectrum.)

CW spectroscopy is inefficient in comparison to Fourier techniques (see below) as it probes the NMR response at individual frequencies in succession. As the NMR signal is intrinsically weak, the observed spectra suffer from a poor signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). This can be mitigated by signal averaging i.e. adding the spectra from repeated measurements. While the NMR signal is constant between scans and so adds linearly, the noise is random adds so more slowly–as the square-root of the number of spectra (see Random walk). Hence the overall ratio of the signal to the noise increases as the square-root of the number of spectra measured.

 Fourier spectroscopy

Most applications of NMR involve full NMR spectra, that is, the intensity of the NMR signal as a function of frequency. Early attempts to acquire the NMR spectrum more efficiently than simple CW methods involved irradiating simultaneously with more than one frequency. It was soon realised, however, that a simpler solution was to use short pulses of radio-frequency (centred at the middle of the NMR spectrum). In simple terms, a short square pulse of a given "carrier" frequency "contains" a range of frequencies centred about the carrier frequency, with the range of excitation (bandwidth) being inversely proportional to the pulse duration (the Fourier transform of an approximate square wave contains contributions from all the frequencies in the neighborhood of the principal frequency). The restricted range of the NMR frequencies made it relatively easy to use RF pulses to excite the entire NMR spectrum.

Applying such a pulse to a set of nuclear spins simultaneously excites all the NMR transitions. In terms of the net magnetisation vector, this corresponds to tilting the magnetisation vector away from its equilibrium position (aligned along the external magnetic field). The out-of-equilibrium magnetisation vector precesses about the external magnetic field at the NMR frequency of the spins. This oscillating magnetisation induces a current in a nearby pickup coil, creating an electrical signal oscillating at the NMR frequency. This signal is known as the free induction decay (FID) and contains the sum of the NMR reponses from all the excited spins. In order to obtain the frequency-domain NMR spectrum (intensity vs. frequency) this time-domain signal (intensity vs. time) must be Fourier transformed. Fortunately the development of FT-NMR coincided with the development of digital computers and Fast Fourier Transform algorithms.

Richard R. Ernst was one of the pioneers of pulse (FT) NMR and won a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1991 for his work on FT-NMR and his development of multi-dimensional NMR (see below).

 Multi-dimensional

The use of pulses of different shapes, frequencies and durations in specifically-designed patterns or pulse sequences allows the spectroscopist to extract many different types of information about the molecule.

Multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a kind of FT-NMR in which there are at least two pulses and, as the experiment is repeated, the pulse sequence is varied. In multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance there will be a sequence of pulses and, at least, one variable time period. In three dimensions, two time sequences will be varied. In four dimensions, three will be varied.

There are many such experiments. In one, these time intervals allow—among other things—magnetization transfer between nuclei and, therefore, the detection of the kinds of nuclear-nuclear interactions that allowed for the magnetization transfer. Interactions that can be detected are usually classified into two kinds. There are through-bond interactions and through-space interactions, the latter usually being a consequence of the nuclear Overhauser effect. Experiments of the nuclear-Overhauser variety may establish distances between atoms.

Although the fundamental concept of 2D NMR was proposed by the Belgian scientist Jean Jeener, professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, this idea was largely developed by Richard Ernst who won the 1991 Nobel prize in Chemistry for his work in FT and multi-dimensional NMR. Multi-dimensional NMR experiments were further developed into powerful methodologies for studying biomolecules in solution, in particular for the determination of the structure of biopolymers such as proteins or even small nucleic acids. Kurt Wüthrich shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

 Solids

This technique complements biopolymer X-ray crystallography in that it is frequently applicable to biomolecules in a liquid or liquid crystal phase, whereas crystallography, as the name implies, is performed on molecules in a solid phase. Though nuclear magnetic resonance is used to study solids, extensive atomic-level biomolecular structural detail is especially challenging to obtain in the solid state. There is no signal averaging by thermal motion in the solid state, where molecules are held still, each in a slightly different electronic environment, giving a different signal. This variation in electronic environment lowers resolution greatly and makes interpretation more difficult. Raymond Andrew was a pioneer in the development of high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. He introduced the magic angle spinning (MAS) technique and allowed for an increase in resolution by several orders of magnitude. In MAS, the sample is averaged by spinning it at several kilohertz.

Alex Pines together with John S. Waugh revolutionized the area with the introduction of the cross-polarization technique in order to enhance low abundance and sensitivity nuclei.

Sensitivity

Because the intensity of nuclear magnetic resonance signals and, hence, the sensitivity of the technique depends on the strength of the magnetic field the technique has also advanced over the decades with the development of more powerful magnets. Advances made in audio-visual technology have also improved the signal-generation and processing capabilities of newer machines.

The sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance signals is also dependent—as noted above—on the presence of a magnetically-susceptible nuclide and, therefore, either on the natural abundance of such nuclides or on the ability of the experimentalist to artificially enrich the molecules, under study, with such nuclides. The most abundant naturally-occurring isotopes of hydrogen and phosphorus—for instance—are both magnetically susceptible and readily useful for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In contrast, carbon and nitrogen have useful isotopes but which occur only in very low natural abundance.

Chemistry

By studying the peaks of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, skilled chemists can determine the structure of many compounds. It can be a very selective technique, distinguishing among many atoms within a molecule or collection of molecules of the same type but which differ only in terms of their local chemical environment.

By studying T₂* information a chemist can determine the identity of a compound by comparing the observed nuclear precession frequencies to known frequencies. Further structural data can be elucidated by observing spin-spin coupling, a process by which the precession frequency of a nucleus can be influenced by the magnetization transfer from nearby nuclei.

T₂ information can give information about dynamics and molecular motion.

Because the nuclear magnetic resonance timescale is rather slow, compared to other spectroscopic methods, changing the temperature of a T₂* experiment can also give information about fast reactions, such as the Cope rearrangement or about structural dynamics, such as ring-flipping in cyclohexane.

An example of nuclear magnetic resonance being used in the determination of a structure is that of buckminsterfullerene. This now famous form of carbon has 60 carbon atoms forming a sphere. The carbon atoms are all in identical environments and so should see the same internal H field. Unfortunately, buckminsterfullerene contains no hydrogen and so ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance has to be used. ¹³C spectra require longer acquisition times since carbon-13 is not the common isotope of carbon (unlike hydrogen, where ¹H is the common isotope). However, in 1990 the spectrum was obtained by R. Taylor and co-workers at the University of Sussex and was found to contain a single peak, confirming the unusual structure of C₆₀.^[2]

Applications

 Medicine

The use of nuclear magnetic resonance best known to the general public is in magnetic resonance imaging for medical diagnosis, however, it is also widely used in chemical studies, notably in NMR spectroscopy such as proton NMR and carbon-13 NMR.

These studies are possible because nuclei are surrounded by orbiting electrons, which are also spinning charged particles such as magnets and, so, will partially shield the nuclei. The amount of shielding depends on the exact local environment. For example, a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen will be shielded differently than a hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom. In addition, two hydrogen nuclei can interact via a process known as spin-spin coupling, if they are on the same molecule, which will split the lines of the spectra in a recognisable way.

 Chemistry

By studying the peaks of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, skilled chemists can determine the structure of many compounds. It can be a very selective technique, distinguishing among many atoms within a molecule or collection of molecules of the same type but which differ only in terms of their local chemical environment.

By studying T₂* information a chemist can determine the identity of a compound by comparing the observed nuclear precession frequencies to known frequencies. Further structural data can be elucidated by observing spin-spin coupling, a process by which the precession frequency of a nucleus can be influenced by the magnetization transfer from nearby nuclei.

T₂ information can give information about dynamics and molecular motion.

Because the nuclear magnetic resonance timescale is rather slow, compared to other spectroscopic methods, changing the temperature of a T₂* experiment can also give information about fast reactions, such as the Cope rearrangement or about structural dynamics, such as ring-flipping in cyclohexane.

An example of nuclear magnetic resonance being used in the determination of a structure is that of buckminsterfullerene. This now famous form of carbon has 60 carbon atoms forming a sphere. The carbon atoms are all in identical environments and so should see the same internal H field. Unfortunately, buckminsterfullerene contains no hydrogen and so ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance has to be used. ¹³C spectra require longer acquisition times since carbon-13 is not the common isotope of carbon (unlike hydrogen, where ¹H is the common isotope). However, in 1990 the spectrum was obtained by R. Taylor and co-workers at the University of Sussex and was found to contain a single peak, confirming the unusual structure of C₆₀.^[2]

 Non-destructive testing

Nuclear magnetic resonance is extremely useful for analyzing samples non-destructively. Radio waves and static magnetic fields easily penetrate many types of matter and anything that is not inherently ferromagnetic. For example, various expensive biological samples, such as nucleic acids, including RNA and DNA, or proteins, can be studied using nuclear magnetic resonance for weeks or months before using destructive biochemical experiments. This also makes nuclear magnetic resonance a good choice for analyzing dangerous samples.

 Data acquisition in the petroleum industry

Another use for nuclear magnetic resonance is data acquisition in the petroleum industry for petroleum and natural gas exploration and recovery. A borehole is drilled into rock and sedimentary strata into which nuclear magnetic resonance logging equipment is lowered. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of these boreholes is used to measure rock porosity, estimate permeability from pore size distribution and identify pore fluids (water, oil and gas). These instruments are typically low field NMR spectrometers.

 Process control

NMR has now entered the arena of real-time process control and process optimization in oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Two different types of NMR analysis are utilized to provide real time analysis of feeds and products in order to control and optimize unit operations. Time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) spectrometers operating at low field (2-20 MHz for ¹H) yield free induction decay data that can be used to determine absolute hydrogen content values, rheological information, and component composition. These spectrometers are used in mining, polymer production, cosmetics and food manufacturing as well as coal analysis. High resolution FT-NMR spectrometers operating in the 60 MHz range with shielded permanent magnet systems yield high resolution ¹H NMR spectra of refinery and petrochemical streams. The variation observed in these spectra with changing physical and chemical properties is modelled utilizing chemometrics to yield predictions on unknown samples. The prediction results are provided to control systems .

Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It covers a range of techniques, with the most common type by far being a form of absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify a compound and to investigate the composition of a sample. Infrared spectroscopy correlation tables are tabulated in the literature.

Theory

The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three regions; the near-, mid- and far- infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The far-infrared, (approx. 400-10 cm^-1) lying adjacent to the microwave region, has low energy and may be used for rotational spectroscopy. The mid- infrared (approx. 4000-400 cm^-1) may be used to study the fundamental vibrations and associated rotational-vibrational structure, whilst the higher energy near-IR (14000-4000 cm^-1) can excite overtone or harmonic vibrations.

Infrared spectroscopy works because chemical bonds have specific frequencies at which they vibrate corresponding to energy levels. The resonant frequencies or vibrational frequencies are determined by the shape of the molecular potential energy surfaces, the masses of the atoms and, eventually by the associated vibronic coupling. In order for a vibrational mode in a molecule to be IR active, it must be associated with changes in the permanent dipole. In particular, in the Born-Oppenheimer and harmonic approximations, i.e. when the molecular Hamiltonian corresponding to the electronic ground state can be approximated by a harmonic oscillator in the neighborhood of the equilibrium molecular geometry, the resonant frequencies are determined by the normal modes corresponding to the molecular electronic ground state potential energy surface. Nevertheless, the resonant frequencies can be in a first approach related to the strength of the bond, and the mass of the atoms at either end of it. Thus, the frequency of the vibrations can be associated with a particular bond type.

Simple diatomic molecules have only one bond, which may stretch. More complex molecules may have many bonds, and vibrations can be conjugated, leading to infrared absorptions at characteristic frequencies that may be related to chemical groups. The atoms in a CH₂ group, commonly found in organic compounds can vibrate in six different ways, symmetrical and antisymmetrical stretching, scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting; as shown be:

Symmetrical stretching:

Asymmetrical stretching:

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 17:52 | link | comments (4)

In 1986, writer William Dalrymple finished college and spent the summer retracing the 12,000 mile route from Jerusalem to Xanadu that Marco Polo had traveled 700 years earlier. He published an account of his journey in his book 'Xanadu,' which contains this vignette about an unforgettable dinner he and his travel companion, Laura, shared while on the road:

                     "The waiter brought over a grubby document, creased at the corners   and covered with tea stains. "Ingliz menu," he said, beaming at Laura. We opened the menu and studied it closely:

Kujuk Ayas Family Restrant
INGLIZ MENUYU

SOAP
       Ayas soap
       Turkish tripte soap
       Sheeps foot
       Macaront
       Water pies

EATS FROM MEAT

      deuner kepab with pi
      Kebap with green pe
      Kebap in paper
      Meat pide
     Kebap with mas patato
     Samall bits of meat grilled 
     Almb chops

VEGETABLES 
    Meat in earthenware stev pot
    Stfue goreen pepper
    Stuffed squash
    Stuffed tomatoes z
    Stuffed cabbages lea
    Leek with finced meat
    Clery

SALAD 
  Brain salad
   Cacik -- a drink made ay ay
   And cucumber

FRYING PANS 
   Fried aggs
   Scram fried aggs
   Scrum fried omlat
   Omlat with brain

SWEETS AND FRUITS 
   Stewed atrawberry
   Nightingales nests
   Virgin lips
   A sweet dish of thinsh of batter with butter
   Banane
   Meon
   Leeches ."

 

 

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 05:27 | link | comments (1)

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 02:03 | link | comments

Aug 6 1945

At 9:15am, Col. Paul Tibbets releases "Little Boy" over Hiroshima and executes a hard, 159-degree turn. 40 seconds later, the Atomic Bomb detonates, yielding a 12.5 kiloton explosion and a huge, black mushroom cloud. About 45,000 people are killed immediately, and another 200,000 are killed in later years by leukemia and other radiation illnesses.

 

Posted by: NeutronNorman at 00:01 | link | comments (1)